LONG COVID
Chu L, Bishof K, Dumes AA et al. The 2024 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Long COVID Definition: What Clinicians Need to Know. J Gen Intern Med. (2025)
Ely EW, Brown LM, Fineberg HV. Long Covid Defined. N Engl J Med. (2024) 391(18):1746-1753.
Ewing AG, Joffe D, Blitshteyn S et al. Long COVID clinical evaluation, research and impact on society: a global expert consensus. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. (2025) 24(1):27.
Ewing AG, Salamon S, Pretorius E et al. Review of organ damage from COVID and Long COVID: a disease with a spectrum of pathology. Med Rev. (2024) 5(1):66-75.
Ma Y, Deng J, Liu Q et al. Long-Term Consequences of Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. (2023) 16;20(2):1613.
O'Mahoney LL, Routen A, Gillies C et al. The risk of Long Covid symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled studies. Nat Commun. (2025) 16:4249.
LONG COVID MECHANISMS
Immunology of Long COVID. Yale School of Medicine, updated 17 September 2024.
Davis HE, McCorkell L, Vogel JM et al. Long COVID: major findings, mechanisms and recommendations. Nat Rev Microbiol. (2023) 21:133-146.
Durstenfeld MS, Weiman S, Holtzman M et al. Long COVID and post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and treatment: A Keystone Symposia report. Ann N Y Acad Sci. (2024) 1535:31-41.
Iwasaki A, Putrino D. Why we need a deeper understanding of the pathophysiology of long COVID. Lancet Infect Dis. (2023) 23(4):393-395.
Kell DB, Laubscher GJ, Pretorius E. A central role for amyloid fibrin microclots in long COVID/PASC: origins and therapeutic implications. Biochem J. (2022) 479(4):537-559.
Kruger A, Joffe D, Lloyd-Jones G et al. Vascular pathogenesis in acute and long covid: current insights and therapeutic outlook. Semin Thromb Hemost. (2024) 51(3):256-271.
Pretorius E, Venter C, Laubscher GJ et al. Prevalence of symptoms, comorbidities, fibrin amyloid microclots and platelet pathology in individuals with Long COVID/Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC). Cardiovasc Diabetol. (2022) 21(1):148.
AEROSOL PHYSICS
Duval D, Palmer JC, Tudge I et al. Long distance airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2: rapid systematic review. BMJ. (2022) 377:e068743.
Greenhalgh T, Jimenez JL, Prather KA et al. Ten scientific reasons in support of airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Lancet. (2021) 397:1603-1605.
Jimenez JL, Marr LC, Randall K et al. What were the historical reasons for the resistance to recognizing airborne transmission during the COVID-19 pandemic? Indoor Air. (2022) 32:8:e13070.
Nikuri P, Maalouf A, Geneid A et al. Aerosol transmission and exposure in non-invasive ventilation. Sci Rep. (2025) 15:14058.
Randall K, Ewing ET, Marr L et al. How Did We Get Here: What Are Droplets and Aerosols and How Far Do They Go? A Historical Perspective on the Transmission of Respiratory Infectious Diseases (2021). Available at SSRN.
Tang JW, Marr LC, Li Y et al. COVID-19 has redefined aerosol transmission. BMJ. (2021) 373:n913.
Wang CC, Prather KA, Sznitman J et al. Airborne transmission of respiratory viruses. Science. (2021) 373. eabd9149.
MITIGATION STRATEGIES
MASKS
Greenhalgh T, MacIntyre CR, Baker MG et al. Masks and respirators for prevention of respiratory infections: a state of the science review. Clin Microbiol Rev. (2024) 37:e00124-23.
VENTILATION
Morawska L, Allen J, Bahnfleth W et al. Mandating indoor air quality for public buildings. Science. (2024) 383:1418-1420.
CO2 MONITORS
Iwamura N, Tsutsumi K. SARS-CoV-2 airborne infection probability estimated by using indoor carbon dioxide. Environ Sci Pollut Res. (2023) 30:79227-79240.
AIR PURIFIERS
What is a HEPA filter? Environmental Protection Agency, updated 4 September 2024.
Frydas IS, Kermenidou K, Karypidou M et al. SARS-CoV-2 airborne detection within different departments of a COVID-19 hospital building and evaluation of air cleaners in air viral load reduction. J Aerosol Sci. (2025) 187:106587.
Morris AC, Sharrocks K, Bousfield R et al. The Removal of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Other Microbial Bioaerosols by Air Filtration on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Surge Units. Clin Infect Dis. (2022) 75(1):e97-e101.